托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。本文带来的是TPO19-2的事实信息题，一起来看看吧。
TPO19-2 Succession, Climax, and ecosystems
Paragraph 2:
Clements and other early ecologists saw almost lawlike regularity in the order of succession, but that has not been substantiated. A general trend can be recognized, but the details are usually unpredictable. Succession is influenced by many factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation, chance colonizations, and many other random processes.
1. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements “view of succession”?
○The principles of succession are more lawlike than Clements thought they were.
○More evidence is needed to establish Clements' predictions about succession.
○The details of succession are affected by random processes.
○Many of the factors that determine which plants will grow in an environment, such as the nature of the soil and the exposure to sun, do not change at all.
解析：本段较短，可以快速扫完，也可以用人名和succession做关键词定位至最后一句，说很多因素都可以影响succession，所以正确答案是C。D提到了many factors，但change是原文没说的，错;A的比较原文没说，错;B是最具有迷惑性的选项，因为原文说没有被证实，也就是已经建立了只是没证实，但B说需要更多证据来建立Clemens的预测，也就是没建立，而且预测也不对，所以A错
【2】克莱门茨和其他早期的生态学家从演变的顺序中看到了类似定律的规律性，但这个规律性还没有得到证实。我们可以看出大概的趋势，但是细节通常无法预见。演变受很多因素影响：土壤状况，曝光和曝风，降水规律，意外殖民和其他随机过程。
Paragraph 5:
Even less fortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as well as plants. This resulted in the "biome," a combination of coexisting flora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism. The spruce community is not substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose. Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose. The opposition to the Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert Gleason, soon joined by various other ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.
7. In paragraph 5, the author challenges the idea of a 'biome' by noting that
○there are usually no very strong connections among the plants and animals living in a place
○plants and animals respond in the same way to the same circumstances
○particular combinations of flora and fauna do not generally come about purely by chance
○some animals are dependent on specific kinds of plants for food
解析：以biome做关键词定位至第二句，由于这句只是给出了biome的概念，没有challenge，所以往下看，下句说尽管有些动物与植物的关系是紧密的，但还是不能说biome，比如他们之间没有internal cohesion，所以答案是A，动植物之间没有紧密关系。B和C原文都没讲;D的food原文也没说，而且D也不是challenge上文提到的概念的，所以不对
【5】更不幸的是这种思考方式从植物扩展到了动物。于是就产生了生物群落的概念——一种动物群落和植物群落共存的结合体。尽管很多动物确实和一些植物紧密联系，但诸如“云杉麋鹿生态系统”的说法仍然具有误导性，因为云杉和麋鹿之间并没有像一个有机体那样有内在联系。云杉群落并没有极大地受到麋鹿存在或者不存在的影响。实际上有很多云杉林并没有麋鹿。对克莱门茨关于植物群落概念的反对意见最早是由赫伯特•格里森提出来的，并且获得了很多其他生态学家的支持。他们的主要观点是给定物种的分布是由栖息地物种需求决定的，因此植被类型是简单的单个植物类型生态的结果。
Paragraph 6:
With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment. Eventually, the energy-transforming role of such a system was emphasized. Ecosystems thus involve the circulation, transformation, and accumulation of energy and matter through the medium of living things and their activities. The ecologist is concerned primarily with the quantities of matter and energy that pass through a given ecosystem, and with the rates at which they do so.
11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
○Unlike the terms "climax." "biome." And " superorganism," which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term 'ecosystem" refers specifically to the physical factors within an environment.
○The terms "climax.' "biome," 'superorganism,' and " ecosystem" all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others.
○When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular and more widely used term ecosystem."
○The term "ecosystem" gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in it.
解析：原句当中的with结构是非主要成分，主要成分是采用了ecosystem形容生物和环境的associated system，正确答案D。A的后半句错，eco不是单只physical factor，而是系统;B和C都错在将原句的主干和非主干混合，不选
【6】尽管顶级群落，生态群落，超级有机体和许多对给定区域动植物联系描述的专业术语都被批评，但“生态系统”越来越被广泛接受，它用以描述相互联系的有机体以及生态环境物理因素的系统。最终，这个系统强调的是能量转变模式。因此生态系统包括通过生物媒介和活动而产生的循环、转换和能量及物质的积累。生态学家主要关注的是在给定系统下流过系统的物质和能量的量以及它们流过的速率。
12. According to paragraph 6, what did ecologists mainly study when the ecosystem concept was the dominant paradigm?
○The physical factors present in different environments.
○The typical activities of animals and the effect of those activities on plants.
○The rates at which ecosystems changed from one kind to another.
○The flow of energy and matter through ecosystems.
解析：以ecologist做关键词定位至最后一句，说生态学家最关注的是特定生态系统里物质与能量的传递及其速率，所以答案是D。A和B都没说，C的rate原文有说，但原文说的是物质和能量传递的速率，不是答案说的ecosystem改变的速率，所以C错
【6】尽管顶级群落，生态群落，超级有机体和许多对给定区域动植物联系描述的专业术语都被批评，但“生态系统”越来越被广泛接受，它用以描述相互联系的有机体以及生态环境物理因素的系统。最终，这个系统强调的是能量转变模式。因此生态系统包括通过生物媒介和活动而产生的循环、转换和能量及物质的积累。生态学家主要关注的是在给定系统下流过系统的物质和能量的量以及它们流过的速率。
以上就是托福阅读TPO19-2中的事实信息题及其解析，大家可以在备考的时候参考复习，希望能够帮助大家的考前准备。最后前程百利祝大家都能取得理想的托福考试成绩。
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