说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。本文小编带来的托福阅读笔记是TPO14 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia的内容，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO14 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia
文章题材：社会科学——古代内欧的畜牧
常见词汇：
jewelry['dʒu:əlri]n. 珠宝，珠宝类
stock[stɔk]n. 存货，储备; 树干; 血统; 股份; 家畜
violent['vaiələnt]adj. 暴力的，猛烈的，极端的
indirect[.indi'rekt]adj. 间接的，迂回的，次要的，不坦率的，欺骗的
inequality[.ini'kwɔliti]n. 不平等，不平均，差异，多变性，不等式
warfare['wɔ:fɛə]n. 战争，冲突
spread[spred]v. 伸展，展开，传播，散布，铺开，涂撒
status['steitəs]n. 地位，身份，情形，状况
immobile[im'məubail]adj. 不动的，不变的，静止的
summary['sʌməri]n. 摘要
易错题解析：
Paragraph 2: The mobility of pastoralist societies reflects their dependence on animal-based foods. While agriculturalists rely on domesticated plants, pastoralists rely on domesticated animals. As a result, pastoralists, like carnivores in general, occupy a higher position on the food chain. All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. So pastoralism is a more extensive lifeway than farming is. However, the larger the terrain used to support a group, the harder it is to exploit that terrain while remaining in one place. So, basic ecological principles imply a strong tendency within pastoralist lifeways toward nomadism (a mobile lifestyle). As the archaeologist Roger Cribb puts it, “The greater the degree of pastoralism, the stronger the tendency toward nomadism.” A modern Turkic nomad interviewed by Cribb commented: "The more animals you have, the farther you have to move."
4. In paragraph 2, why does the author contrast pastoralists with agriculturalists?
○To explain why pastoralism requires more land than agriculturalism to support basic needs
○To identify some advantages that mobile societies have over immobile societies
○To demonstrate that ecological principles that apply to pastoralism do not apply to agriculturalism
○To argue that agriculturalism eventually developed out of pastoralism
题型：修辞目的题。答案是(A)
解析：题干关键词为contrast pastoralists with agriculturalists。回归原文定位信息为第二句，这句话即为具体信息，因为它是在对照pastoralists和agriculturalists(前者依赖家养动物生活，后者依赖家养植物生活)。先往具体信息前面看，前面只有1句话“The mobility of pastoralist societies reflects their dependence on animal-based foods.”，没有体现答案;所以再往具体信息后面看，后面信息“As a result, …… than farming is.”中的as a result表明，具体信息与后面的信息为因果关系，即前面的比较是后面信息的原因，所以答案是A。
B项和D项信息错误，C项原文未提及。
易错选项：(C)。
Paragraph 4: Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.
11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.
○Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.
○Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.
○In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.
题型：句子简化题。答案是(D)
解析：原句是一个并列句。主语是Inequalities of gender。but前的分句意思是“性别的不平等在游牧社会是存在的”。but后的分句是说“这种不平等被“大多数社区中财富等级制度的缺乏”和‘妇女得掌握男人会的大部分技能的要求’这两个因素给减弱了”。概括原句意思框架为“性别不平等存在，但被……和……减弱了”。所以根据分析答案是D。
易错选项：(A)。
以上就是小编带来的托福阅读笔记之TPO14 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia，希望能够和备考的大家一起学习。更多托福考试资讯请关注前程百利。
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